A pancreaticoduodenectomy, also known as a Whipple procedure, involves the removal of the pancreas head due to a tumor in the pancreas or bile duct, or pancreatitis. If a tumor exists in the head of the pancreas, it is usually necessary to remove the pancreas head, duodenum, gallbladder and a portion of the bile duct (Figure 1).
Sometimes, part of the stomach
is also removed.
The end of a patient's bile duct and the remaining pancreas are then connected to the small bowel (Figure 2) to ensure flow of bile and enzymes into the intestines.
Distal Pancreatectomy (laparoscopic or open)
Indicated for tumors in the body and tail of the pancreas, a distal pancreatectomy involves the removal of cystic neoplasms either laparoscopically or with open surgery.
With both laparoscopic and open distal pancreatectomy procedures, surgeons attempt to preserve the spleen. Drainage Procedures
With chronic pancreatitis, a dilated pancreatic duct usually reflects obstruction. Procedures to improve ductal drainage include:
-Longitudinal Pancreaticojejunostomy (Puestow Procedure): The pancreatic duct is opened from the tail to the head of the pancreas and attached to the small bowel.
-Distal Pancreaticojejunostomy (Du Val Procedure): The pancreas is divided transversely at the neck, and the body and tail are drained via attachment to the small bowel.
-Sphincteroplasty: When endoscopic sphincterotomy is unsuccessful, surgical sphincteroplasty may be required of the minor or major papilla.
Pancreas Transplantation
A pancreas transplant is indicated for patients with insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes.
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