Procedures & Indications
Hepatobiliary and Pancreas
We, at the Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation are committed to bringing new and advanced diagnostic tools, medical treatments and surgical options to the physicians and patients we serve. Through this procedure profile, our physicians illustrate surgical techniques and capabilities that provide you with a window into their practice of diagnosis, treatment and patient follow-up.
Surgical Capabilities | Biliary Tumors and Injuries | Diseases of the Pancreas - Surgical Options | Liver Cancer - Surgical Options | Why Choose Us? | For More Information | .
Surgical Capabilities
New diagnostic and surgical capabilities have enabled the Liver Center’s hepatobiliary team to better treat hepatobiliary and pancreatic carcinoma as well as other diseases affecting these organs. Our skilled hepatobiliary team -- comprised of surgeons, interventional endoscopists, radiologists and hepatologists -- works together to provide surgical treatment for the following problems:
Biliary
* Carcinoma of the gallbladder
* Malignant tumors of the bile duct
* Bile duct injuries and strictures
* Choledochal cysts
* Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Pancreas
* Pancreatitis
* Pancreatic pseudocyst
* Malignant neoplasms of the pancreas
* Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas
* Pancreatic islet cell tumors
Liver
* Hepatic trauma
* Metastatic neoplasms of the liver (Cancer originated elsewhere & spread to liver)
* Benign (Non cancerous) tumors and cysts of the liver
* Portal hypertension (portasystemic shunts)
With the use of laparoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), all patients with malignancies are staged pre-operatively. Following staging, our hepatobiliary team works in conjunction with the referring physician to determine the treatment best suited for the patient's condition. Because choosing a treatment plan is an important decision, we review all options with patients and family members as well as their referring physician, explaining the benefits and disadvantages of each option.
Biliary Tumors and Injuries
Biliary surgery is most frequently performed for stones, strictures and tumors. Among the treatment options available at the Liver Center, Apollo include:
Resection of primary biliary neoplasms (cholangiocarcinoma
Treatment of bile duct cancer usually requires removal of the bile duct and possibly portions of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and small intestine. After resecting the neoplasms -- either through open surgery or laparoscopically -- the surgeon reconnects the bile ducts to the small intestine for proper biliary drainage (see illustration).
Biliary Drainage Procedures
Biliary drainage procedures are performed when the bile duct becomes blocked, narrowed or injured. During surgery, continuity of the biliary tree is usually re-established via a hepaticojejunostomy.
Diseases of the Pancreas - Surgical Options
Upon referral of a suspected pancreatic pathology, the Liver Center’s hepatobiliary team initiates a pre-operative work up which usually includes an evaluation of the pancreas via EUS. This evaluation helps to determine the location of the pathology in the head, neck, body or tail of the pancreas.
Subsequent treatment options include:
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)
A pancreaticoduodenectomy, also known as a Whipple procedure, involves the removal of the pancreas head due to a tumor in the pancreas or bile duct, or pancreatitis.
If a tumor exists in the head of the pancreas, it is usually necessary to remove the pancreas head, duodenum, gallbladder and a portion of the bile duct Figure 1). Sometimes, part of the stomach is also removed.
The end of a patient's bile duct and the remaining pancreas are then connected to the small bowel (Figure 2) to ensure flow of bile and enzymes into the intestines.
Distal Pancreatectomy (laparoscopic or open)
Indicated for tumors in the body and tail of the pancreas, a distal pancreatectomy involves the removal of cystic neoplasms either laparoscopically or with open surgery. With both laparoscopic and open distal pancreatectomy procedures, surgeons attempt to preserve the spleen.
Drainage Procedures
With chronic pancreatitis, a dilated pancreatic duct usually reflects obstruction. Procedures to improve ductal drainage include:
-Longitudinal Pancreaticojejunostomy (Puestow Procedure): The pancreatic duct is opened from the tail to the head of the pancreas and attached to the small bowel.
-Distal Pancreaticojejunostomy (Du Val Procedure): The pancreas is divided transversely at the neck, and the body and tail are drained via attachment to the small bowel.
-Sphincteroplasty: When endoscopic sphincterotomy is unsuccessful, surgical sphincteroplasty may be required of the minor or major papilla.
Pancreas Transplantation: A pancreas transplant is indicated for patients with insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes.
Liver Cancer - Surgical Options
When determining treatment options for tumors of the liver, the hepatobiliary team reviews the results of one's pre-operative evaluation and overall health to recommend appropriate treatment options. The majority of liver metastases come from the colon. The single tumor or more than one tumor confined to either left or right side of the liver can be successfully resected with 5-year survival as high as 60%.
Treatments for tumors of the liver include:
Surgical Resection (Tumor Removal) -- Open or Laparoscopic
Typically, surgeons can safely remove up to 70% of the liver (if there is no fibrosis) and expect full regeneration. During resection, the surgeon first uses ultrasound to determine the tumor(s) proximity to hepatic structures and then removes it with as little liver as possible, while ensuring a margin free of tumor.
For patients who may not have enough liver reserve, portal vein embolization is used pre-operatively.
This technique, which involves the insertion of tiny microspheres into the portal vein, blocks blood flow to the portion of the liver containing tumor(s), and results in the enlargement of the remaining liver segments on which the patient will depend after resection.
If the location of a benign tumor is superficial and small in size, the operation can be performed laparoscopically (by making small punctures in the abdomen while viewing through a video camera). We are one of the very few centers in South East Asia offering Laparoscopic Liver Resection.
The Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Apollo is equipped with the state of the art technology related to liver surgery and using the laparoscopic ‘Argon Beam Laser’ as well as as ‘Tissue Link™’ in combination with other methods of liver resection like ‘CUSA™’ and ‘laparoscopic vascular stapling’, we ensure a very high rate of bloodless liver surgery at Apollo.
Liver Transplantation
While a liver transplant represents the best cure for most patients with non-metastic liver cancer, the limited organ supply may make this option unattainable. The eligibility criteria for transplantation is the presence of a single HCC tumor 5 cm. or less in diameter, or three or fewer tumor modules, each 3 cm. or less in diameter. Both living-related and cadaveric liver transplants are options for patients at the Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Apollo.
Ablation (Radiofrequency or Cryoablation)
Patients who are not candidates for resection or transplantation due to inadequate liver reserve, large or multiple lesions in multiple lobes, fibrosis or cirrhosis can benefit from treatments such as CT-guided, laparoscopic or open radiofrequency or cryoablation.
With new radiofrequency (RF) ablation technology, liver tumors up to 7 cm. in diameter can be treated. The ideal patient for RFA generally has no more than three lesions that are no greater than 5 cm. (about 1.5 inch) in size.
RF ablation delivers radiofrequency energy to the tumor, heating it to temperatures above 113 degrees Fahrenheit and thereby destroying the lesion. During cryoablation, argon gas is delivered through probes inserted into the liver, creating an ice ball that freezes the tumor and destroys its cells (see illustration).
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection Therapy (PEIT)
Another option for patients who are not surgical candidates, PEIT involves the injection of alcohol into the tumor, causing immediate dehydration of the cytoplasm with consequent coagulation, necrosis and fibrous reaction. PEIT results in complete ablation in up to 75% of selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatic Arterial Pumps
Indicated for patients with metastatic colon cancer, hepatic arterial pumps deliver chemotherapy to the liver through a catheter placed in the hepatic artery. The catheter is typically inserted via laparoscopic or open surgery and a pump, which delivers the chemotherapy, is implanted subcutaneously. The pump is generally filled with chemotherapy once a month.
Why Choose Us?
Apollo Center for Liver Disease & Transplantation offers comprehensive specialty care for diseases of the liver, pancreas and bile duct. We emphasize ongoing communication with referring physicians and incorporate them in the decision process of their patient's medical management. Following treatment, we follow up our care with an organized discharge report to the referring physician.
For patients requiring hospitalization, we have a dedicated hepatobiliary critical care unit, a heptobiliary physician on-call, anesthesia staff and a specialized O.R. nursing team. At the Liver Center, our focus is on providing experienced, personalized care for all our patients.
With the use of advanced technology and surgical methods, patients now have more options than ever for the treatment of hepatobiliary disease. Our physicians are trained at the world’s most renowned centers in Hepatobiliary surgery and Liver Transplantation and are actively involved in clinical research and offer multiple studies in areas such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastroenterology and viral hepatitis. Additionally, our hepatobiliary team offers outreach ‘Liver Clinics’ in the various units of Apollo hospital, providing pre- and post-operative hepatobiliary care close to home in & around Delhi.
We welcome your inquiries regarding treatment options, outreach locations or referrals.
For further information on surgical options for advanced hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases, please contact
Dr Subash Gupta
Liver Transplant Surgeon
Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
Sarita Vihar Delhi
Email: anscreativity@gmail.com
Hepatobiliary and Pancreas
We, at the Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation are committed to bringing new and advanced diagnostic tools, medical treatments and surgical options to the physicians and patients we serve. Through this procedure profile, our physicians illustrate surgical techniques and capabilities that provide you with a window into their practice of diagnosis, treatment and patient follow-up.
Surgical Capabilities | Biliary Tumors and Injuries | Diseases of the Pancreas - Surgical Options | Liver Cancer - Surgical Options | Why Choose Us? | For More Information | .
Surgical Capabilities
New diagnostic and surgical capabilities have enabled the Liver Center’s hepatobiliary team to better treat hepatobiliary and pancreatic carcinoma as well as other diseases affecting these organs. Our skilled hepatobiliary team -- comprised of surgeons, interventional endoscopists, radiologists and hepatologists -- works together to provide surgical treatment for the following problems:
Biliary
* Carcinoma of the gallbladder
* Malignant tumors of the bile duct
* Bile duct injuries and strictures
* Choledochal cysts
* Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis
Pancreas
* Pancreatitis
* Pancreatic pseudocyst
* Malignant neoplasms of the pancreas
* Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas
* Pancreatic islet cell tumors
Liver
* Hepatic trauma
* Metastatic neoplasms of the liver (Cancer originated elsewhere & spread to liver)
* Benign (Non cancerous) tumors and cysts of the liver
* Portal hypertension (portasystemic shunts)
With the use of laparoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), all patients with malignancies are staged pre-operatively. Following staging, our hepatobiliary team works in conjunction with the referring physician to determine the treatment best suited for the patient's condition. Because choosing a treatment plan is an important decision, we review all options with patients and family members as well as their referring physician, explaining the benefits and disadvantages of each option.
Biliary Tumors and Injuries
Biliary surgery is most frequently performed for stones, strictures and tumors. Among the treatment options available at the Liver Center, Apollo include:
Resection of primary biliary neoplasms (cholangiocarcinoma
Treatment of bile duct cancer usually requires removal of the bile duct and possibly portions of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and small intestine. After resecting the neoplasms -- either through open surgery or laparoscopically -- the surgeon reconnects the bile ducts to the small intestine for proper biliary drainage (see illustration).
Biliary Drainage Procedures
Biliary drainage procedures are performed when the bile duct becomes blocked, narrowed or injured. During surgery, continuity of the biliary tree is usually re-established via a hepaticojejunostomy.
Diseases of the Pancreas - Surgical Options
Upon referral of a suspected pancreatic pathology, the Liver Center’s hepatobiliary team initiates a pre-operative work up which usually includes an evaluation of the pancreas via EUS. This evaluation helps to determine the location of the pathology in the head, neck, body or tail of the pancreas.
Subsequent treatment options include:
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)
A pancreaticoduodenectomy, also known as a Whipple procedure, involves the removal of the pancreas head due to a tumor in the pancreas or bile duct, or pancreatitis.
If a tumor exists in the head of the pancreas, it is usually necessary to remove the pancreas head, duodenum, gallbladder and a portion of the bile duct Figure 1). Sometimes, part of the stomach is also removed.
The end of a patient's bile duct and the remaining pancreas are then connected to the small bowel (Figure 2) to ensure flow of bile and enzymes into the intestines.
Distal Pancreatectomy (laparoscopic or open)
Indicated for tumors in the body and tail of the pancreas, a distal pancreatectomy involves the removal of cystic neoplasms either laparoscopically or with open surgery. With both laparoscopic and open distal pancreatectomy procedures, surgeons attempt to preserve the spleen.
Drainage Procedures
With chronic pancreatitis, a dilated pancreatic duct usually reflects obstruction. Procedures to improve ductal drainage include:
-Longitudinal Pancreaticojejunostomy (Puestow Procedure): The pancreatic duct is opened from the tail to the head of the pancreas and attached to the small bowel.
-Distal Pancreaticojejunostomy (Du Val Procedure): The pancreas is divided transversely at the neck, and the body and tail are drained via attachment to the small bowel.
-Sphincteroplasty: When endoscopic sphincterotomy is unsuccessful, surgical sphincteroplasty may be required of the minor or major papilla.
Pancreas Transplantation: A pancreas transplant is indicated for patients with insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes.
Liver Cancer - Surgical Options
When determining treatment options for tumors of the liver, the hepatobiliary team reviews the results of one's pre-operative evaluation and overall health to recommend appropriate treatment options. The majority of liver metastases come from the colon. The single tumor or more than one tumor confined to either left or right side of the liver can be successfully resected with 5-year survival as high as 60%.
Treatments for tumors of the liver include:
Surgical Resection (Tumor Removal) -- Open or Laparoscopic
Typically, surgeons can safely remove up to 70% of the liver (if there is no fibrosis) and expect full regeneration. During resection, the surgeon first uses ultrasound to determine the tumor(s) proximity to hepatic structures and then removes it with as little liver as possible, while ensuring a margin free of tumor.
For patients who may not have enough liver reserve, portal vein embolization is used pre-operatively.
This technique, which involves the insertion of tiny microspheres into the portal vein, blocks blood flow to the portion of the liver containing tumor(s), and results in the enlargement of the remaining liver segments on which the patient will depend after resection.
If the location of a benign tumor is superficial and small in size, the operation can be performed laparoscopically (by making small punctures in the abdomen while viewing through a video camera). We are one of the very few centers in South East Asia offering Laparoscopic Liver Resection.
The Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Apollo is equipped with the state of the art technology related to liver surgery and using the laparoscopic ‘Argon Beam Laser’ as well as as ‘Tissue Link™’ in combination with other methods of liver resection like ‘CUSA™’ and ‘laparoscopic vascular stapling’, we ensure a very high rate of bloodless liver surgery at Apollo.
Liver Transplantation
While a liver transplant represents the best cure for most patients with non-metastic liver cancer, the limited organ supply may make this option unattainable. The eligibility criteria for transplantation is the presence of a single HCC tumor 5 cm. or less in diameter, or three or fewer tumor modules, each 3 cm. or less in diameter. Both living-related and cadaveric liver transplants are options for patients at the Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Apollo.
Ablation (Radiofrequency or Cryoablation)
Patients who are not candidates for resection or transplantation due to inadequate liver reserve, large or multiple lesions in multiple lobes, fibrosis or cirrhosis can benefit from treatments such as CT-guided, laparoscopic or open radiofrequency or cryoablation.
With new radiofrequency (RF) ablation technology, liver tumors up to 7 cm. in diameter can be treated. The ideal patient for RFA generally has no more than three lesions that are no greater than 5 cm. (about 1.5 inch) in size.
RF ablation delivers radiofrequency energy to the tumor, heating it to temperatures above 113 degrees Fahrenheit and thereby destroying the lesion. During cryoablation, argon gas is delivered through probes inserted into the liver, creating an ice ball that freezes the tumor and destroys its cells (see illustration).
Percutaneous Ethanol Injection Therapy (PEIT)
Another option for patients who are not surgical candidates, PEIT involves the injection of alcohol into the tumor, causing immediate dehydration of the cytoplasm with consequent coagulation, necrosis and fibrous reaction. PEIT results in complete ablation in up to 75% of selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatic Arterial Pumps
Indicated for patients with metastatic colon cancer, hepatic arterial pumps deliver chemotherapy to the liver through a catheter placed in the hepatic artery. The catheter is typically inserted via laparoscopic or open surgery and a pump, which delivers the chemotherapy, is implanted subcutaneously. The pump is generally filled with chemotherapy once a month.
Why Choose Us?
Apollo Center for Liver Disease & Transplantation offers comprehensive specialty care for diseases of the liver, pancreas and bile duct. We emphasize ongoing communication with referring physicians and incorporate them in the decision process of their patient's medical management. Following treatment, we follow up our care with an organized discharge report to the referring physician.
For patients requiring hospitalization, we have a dedicated hepatobiliary critical care unit, a heptobiliary physician on-call, anesthesia staff and a specialized O.R. nursing team. At the Liver Center, our focus is on providing experienced, personalized care for all our patients.
With the use of advanced technology and surgical methods, patients now have more options than ever for the treatment of hepatobiliary disease. Our physicians are trained at the world’s most renowned centers in Hepatobiliary surgery and Liver Transplantation and are actively involved in clinical research and offer multiple studies in areas such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastroenterology and viral hepatitis. Additionally, our hepatobiliary team offers outreach ‘Liver Clinics’ in the various units of Apollo hospital, providing pre- and post-operative hepatobiliary care close to home in & around Delhi.
We welcome your inquiries regarding treatment options, outreach locations or referrals.
For further information on surgical options for advanced hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases, please contact
Dr Subash Gupta
Liver Transplant Surgeon
Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
Sarita Vihar Delhi
Email: anscreativity@gmail.com
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